Humansciences: Journal of Human Sciences
General information “Humansciences.uz: Journal of Human Sciences” is a scientific and practical electronic journal, officially registered on June 16, 2025 under number 830912. Humansciences.uz: Journal of Human Sciences is an open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to exploring the nature, mind, and intellectual development of the human being within the context of the humanities and social sciences. It publishes original research articles, review papers, and scholarly studies covering a wide range of disciplines — including history, philosophy, economics, philology, law, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, political science, and art history. The Journal published since 2025. Publication language Articles are published in Uzbek, Russian and English. The Journal sections The Journal specializes mainly on history, philosophy, philology, law and pedagogy. Nevertheless, articles on psychology, art history, political science and sociology are also accepted. Open Access All issues and articles of the Journal are openly accessible and free of charge. Published papers are available in the archive section of the humansciences.uz website for unrestricted reading and downloading. Review Policy All submitted manuscripts undergo a blind peer-review process, where author identities are not disclosed to reviewers. Only papers that receive positive recommendations from reviewers are accepted for publication. Anti-Plagiarism Check All submitted manuscripts are checked using specialized anti-plagiarism software. The similarity index must not exceed 15%, and the text originality must be at least 85% to qualify for publication. Publication Frequency The Journal is published monthly. In addition, special or supplementary issues may be released upon the recommendation of the Editorial Board. ISSN “Humansciences.uz: Journal of Human Sciences” is registered with the International ISSN 3093-8961. DOI The editorial office is an official member of Crossref and uses the DOI prefix 10.47.390. Each published issue and scientific article is assigned an individual Crossref DOI for permanent identification and citation. Founder The founder of the Journal is LLC “Scienceproblems Team”. Editorial Office Address: Tashkent city, Yakkasaray district, Kichik Beshegoch street, 70/10. Email address: scienceproblems.uz@gmail.com Telegram channel: https://t.me/scienceproblems_uz Phone (telegram): +998996020984.
ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC ESSENCE OF ENTERPRISE COMPETITIVENESS AND THE FACTORS SHAPING IT IN A MARKET ECONOMY
This article analyzes the economic essence of enterprise competitiveness in a market economy, the main factors shaping it, and theoretical aspects of improving competitiveness.
enterprise competitiveness, market economy, innovation, management efficiency, marketing strategy
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING INTERNATIONAL LAW TERMS FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
This article analyzes the main linguistic and legal problems that arise in the process of translating international law terms from English into Uzbek. The study covers the issues of semantic compatibility of terms, limited legal equivalence, polysemy, context-dependence, institutional differences, and terminological uniformity. It also evaluates the main strategies used in translating international law terms — finding a direct alternative, explanatory translation, calculus, and transliteration — from a scientific point of view. The analysis shows that in legal translation, knowledge of the language alone is not enough; legal systems, terminological norms, and the functional purpose of the text must also be taken into account.
international law, terminology, legal translation, equivalence, semantic compatibility, translation problems
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENSURING PRIVACY IN THE USE OF DIGITAL SURVEILLANCE TOOLS
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the application of modern artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in digital surveillance systems and their impact on personal privacy. It is demonstrated that facial recognition, behavioral analytics, predictive surveillance, and multimodal biometric identification technologies, while enhancing security, simultaneously pose serious threats to data confidentiality. The paper analyses Federated Learning, Differential Privacy, and Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC) technologies, scientifically substantiating pathways for integrating Privacy-Preserving AI architecture into surveillance systems.
artificial intelligence, digital surveillance, personal privacy, facial recognition, behavioral analytics, federated learning, differential privacy, ethical AI
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF MEDIATION AGREEMENTS IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM, INCLUDING FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
This study demonstrates that despite the existence of mediation legislation in Uzbekistan (the 2018 Law and relevant procedural codes), a number of practical problems persist. In particular, a settlement agreement (“mediation agreement”) is allowed only at the deliberation stage of the court of first instance, which in many cases limits the autonomy of the parties. In addition, a mediation agreement does not have enforceability until it is approved by a court, meaning that no automatic enforcement mechanism is предусмотрено. These factors reduce the possibility of resolving disputes quickly without resorting to courts. Based on the analysis, the main proposals are as follows: expanding procedural rules, introducing a mechanism to grant mediation agreements the status of directly enforceable documents (for example, through the involvement of a notary or bailiff to issue a writ of execution), clearly defining the substantive requirements of the agreement (obligations, deadlines, enforcement guarantees), introducing mandatory recommendation procedures for mediation in courts, and strengthening the professional qualifications of mediators (certification and continuous education). These proposals can help reduce the workload of the judicial system and strengthen mechanisms for fast, cost-effective, and reliable dispute resolution for citizens and businesses.
mediation agreement, mediation, mediator, agreement on conducting mediation procedure, agreement on application of mediation
WOMEN’S RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL APPROACHES
This article examines women’s rights from international and national perspectives. The study analyzes the historical development of women’s rights, the concept of gender equality, international legal standards, and reforms implemented in Uzbekistan to ensure equal rights and opportunities for women
women’s rights, gender equality, human rights, discrimination, international law, national legislation, women’s protection
FORMS OF SYSTEMATIZATION OF LEGISLATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF NORMATIVE LEGAL ACTS
This article examines the concept of systematization of legislation and its main forms—incorporation, consolidation, and codification—from a theoretical and scientific perspective. It analyzes the impact of these forms on the quality of normative legal acts, particularly in terms of legal clarity, consistency, coherence, and effectiveness of application. The paper also highlights current challenges in the systematization of legislation and proposes possible ways to address them in modern legal practice.
systematization of legislation, incorporation, codification, consolidation, normative legal acts, legal system, legal clarity, effectiveness.
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LEXICAL UNITS RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW IN UZBEKISTAN AND ENGLISH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This article presents a comparative analysis of the morphological structure of lexical units related to international law in Uzbek and English languages. The study examines simple, derived, and compound legal terms and analyzes their formation through affixation, derivation, and composition processes. Particular attention is given to the role of prefixes and suffixes in the formation of international legal terminology. The similarities and differences in morphological patterns between Uzbek and English legal terms are identified and systematized. The results of the research contribute to improving translation practices, standardizing legal terminology, and enhancing linguistic research in the field of international legal discourse.
international law, terminology, lexical units, morphological structure, affixation, derivation, composition, prefix, suffix, comparative analysis.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE KALADZHIK-KALA MONUMENT USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
The article reveals new tools for historical reconstruction, working with a database, special software for linguistic analysis of historical text, the use of aerial visual observation and aerial photography using quadcopters, the promising importance of GPS, GIS and 3D modeling technologies in the process of reconstruction of the Kaladzhik-Kala monument located in the Khorezm oasis. The work presents an analysis of foreign experience in the application of innovations and achievements of modern technologies in the field of archeology and historical reconstruction. Particular attention is paid to such scientific areas as “digital history”, “virtual archeology”, “settlement archaeology”.
Kaladzhik-Kala, archaeological research, information technology, GPS, GIS, 3D modeling, reconstruction.
SHRINE CULTURE IN KHOREZM: THE HARMONY OF ISLAMIC AND LOCAL ELEMENTS
This article analyzes the shrine culture in the Khorezm oasis from historical-ethnographic and religious-anthropological perspectives. The research focuses on two main layers of the sacred space system: the religious traditions associated with Islamic Sufism, saints (awliya), and tomb visitation (ziyarat), alongside local belief layers tied to water, trees, springs, patrons of crafts, and clan-community memory. The Khorezmian materials demonstrate that pilgrimage practices are neither purely "canonical" nor purely "folk" phenomena. Instead, they constitute a complex system formed at the intersection of religious norms, social needs, historical memory, and sacred geography. Figures such as Pahlavon Mahmud, Said Olloquddin, Said Ota, Hakim Ota, Sulton Hubbi, and Ambar-Ona, along with their associated shrines, combine the language of Islamic sanctity with local beliefs, becoming deeply embedded in the daily religious experiences of the oasis population.
Khorezm, shrine, saint (awliya), folk Islam, Sufism, sacred space, Sulton Hubbi, Ambar-Ona, Pahlavon Mahmud, religious syncretism.
THE WORK “A BRIEF HISTORY OF KHOREZMIAN MUSIC” AS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE IN THE STUDY OF CENTRAL ASIAN MUSICAL ART
This article aims to explore the significant historiographical and source-study importance of the treatise “A Brief History of Khorezmian Music” (Xorazm musiqiy tarixchasi), co-authored by Mulla Bekjon Rahmon ogli and Muhammad Yusuf Devonzoda in 1925. Serving as a fundamental reference source in Central Asian ethnomusicology, this treatise provides an unprecedented written archive of Khorezmian musical traditions, which had historically survived for centuries exclusively through oral transmission (tavotur). Employing the methodology of musical source study, the article provides an in-depth analysis of the treatise's role in documenting the institutionalization of the maqom system during the “Feruz Renaissance” in the Khiva Khanate at the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, it highlights the work's crucial contribution to the semiotic deciphering of the Khorezmian tanbur notation (an eighteen-line tablature system) and its value in preserving authentic local musical terminology amidst the subsequent rise of Soviet cultural homogenization. The research results confirm that this 1925 treatise is not merely a historical memoir of the past, but a crucial epistemological bridge between oral performance practice and systematized musicological classification. This factor renders it a primary source for international research in modern ethnomusicology and cultural history.
Khorezmian music, musical source study, ethnomusicology, maqom system, tablature, oral tradition, textology, History of Central Asia.
PROBLEMS OF THE ETHNO-POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE KHIVA KHANATE IN THE 16TH–19TH CENTURIES (BASED ON ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH)
This article analyzes controversial issues of the ethnopolitical history of the Khiva Khanate in the 16th–19th centuries from the point of view of an ethnological approach. Since the political structure of the khanate was closely connected with tribal relations, the irrigated oasis economy, and regional trade routes, it is not enough to explain ethnic processes solely through dynastic exchanges. Ethnological research, that is, the study of genealogical traditions, clan memory, toponymy, lifestyle, economic relations between nomadic and sedentary groups, and the mechanisms of marriage and alliances, helps to reveal the inner logic of political events in more depth.
ethno-political process, Khorezm oasis, tribal system, sedentary and nomadic relations, genealogical memory, toponymy.
HISTORICAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL SOCIETY RITUALS IN THE "GOROGLI" EPIC
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the system of customs and rituals reflected in the "Gorogli" epic cycle, a major masterpiece of Uzbek heroic folk epics. It examines these rituals as a valuable historical and ethnographic source representing the traditional social life, socio-political institutions, and moral values of the people. The study demonstrates that customary practices such as ontological processes (birth, naming, death), initiation (coming of age and social legitimation of the hero), diplomacy, marriage, hospitality, and oath-taking are not merely artistic expressions, but fundamental regulatory mechanisms governing relationships within traditional society. Furthermore, the rituals in the epic are explored through the lens of the people's historical past, mythological worldview, principles of "steppe democracy," and the syncretism with Islamic values, thereby scientifically substantiating their role in consolidating ethnic identity.
THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF SPEAKING SKILLS IN THE LANGUAGE LEARNING PROCESS
This article analyzes the psychological factors that prevent learners from speaking freely during the foreign language learning process. It examines the impact of fear of making mistakes, language anxiety, low self-esteem, perfectionism, and socio-cultural pressure on students' speaking performance. The paper also explains the main causes of these issues and proposes practical solutions, such as creating a psychologically safe learning environment, using small-group communication, applying gradual speaking activities, and increasing learners’ motivation. The article provides useful insights for teachers and language learners on understanding psychological barriers and effectively overcoming them.
Psychological factors, language anxiety, fear of making mistakes, perfectionism, self-esteem, foreign language learning, speaking difficulties, communication skills, motivation, psychological barriers.
INNOVATIVE OPPORTUNITIES OF AN EDUCATIONAL APPROACH IN THE PROCESS OF OVERCOMING DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS
This article scientifically analyzes the impact of psychological violence in the family on adolescent personality, the mechanisms of forming destructive behavior in them, and the innovative possibilities of a personality-valuable educational approach in eliminating this process. The influence of personality-oriented education on strengthening the psychological defense of adolescents, their socio-emotional development, and reducing destructive behavior is substantiated. The article proposes modern mechanisms for transforming the pedagogical process.
psychological violence, family, adolescence, destructive behavior, personality-oriented education, innovative pedagogy, psychological resilience.
CULTURAL-CONCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION OF FAMILY VALUES IN KHOREZM FOLK ART
This article analyzes the expression of family values in Khorezm folk art from ethnographic and cultural-anthropological perspectives. In particular, the study examines how ideas of family, marriage, respect for parents, generational continuity, and marital loyalty are artistically represented in the traditions of epic performance (bakhshi), khalfa performance, maqom music, folk songs, and ritual dances. The findings show that Khorezm folk art functions not only as an aesthetic phenomenon but also as a social institution that transmits moral and cultural values from generation to generation.
Khorezm, folk art, family values, bakhshi tradition, khalfa tradition, maqom, ethnography, folklore.
KHOREZM DURING THE ERA OF AMIR TEMUR: APPROACHES AND INTERPRETATIONS OF POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL-CULTURAL PROCESSES IN 20TH-CENTURY HISTORIOGRAPHY
The present article analyzes the works of several prominent 20th-century scholars specifically V.V. Bartold, A.Y. Yakubovskiy, S.P. Tolstov, I. Muminov, Y.G. Gulyamov, N.N. Vakturskaya, and M.M. Mambetullaev—who conducted scientific research on the historical and cultural processes of the Khorezm oasis during the 14th and 15th centuries. The study examines the historiographical evolution of approaches towards the political and cultural developments of the region during the Timurid era.
Dominant ideology, Transoxiana, Khorezm, scientific treatises, articles, reports, monographs, architecture,
SHURABASHAT POTTERY AS ARCHAIC FORMS OF ANCIENT POTTERY PRODUCTION
This article analyzes ceramic artifacts discovered at the Sho‘rabashat site as archaic forms of ancient pottery production. The study examines the shape, production technology, and functional features of the vessels using archaeological and typological methods. The results show that Sho‘rabashat ceramics provide important information about the lifestyle and craft traditions of the ancient population of the Fergana Valley.
Sho‘rabashat, archaeology, ceramic artifacts, ancient pottery, Fergana Valley, archaic ceramics, material culture.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ON THE HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY
The article discusses the need for a psychological approach to the pros and cons of people using mobile devices today.
people, communication, technical means, person, bad habit, knowledge, justice, state.
MODERN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PERSONALITY AND PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF A TEACHER
The article analyzes the transformation of the role of higher education teachers under the influence of educational digitalization. It discusses key changes in the professional functions of educators — from traditional knowledge transmitters to facilitators, navigators, and moderators of the digital learning environment. Special attention is given to the formation of digital competencies, the challenges of adaptation, and the prospects for professional development in the context of a new educational ecosystem.
law, digital technologies, education, teaching, distance learning, digital generation, new ecosystem.
TILLASHAYKHOVA H.A. FEATURES OF THE MOTIVATIONAL-VALUES SPHERE IN THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT STUDENTS
The article discusses the main approaches to the formation of the concept of psychological wellbeing and resilience in modern psychology. The characteristics of the period of student age are given. The factors of well-being are revealed that allow people of student age to demonstrate the qualities of resilience and overcome life's difficulties.
motivation, value, well-being, activity, factor.
The article presents an interpretation of the assessment of the position of educators in the social environment, the study of the social types of personality in the direction of the profession, their status in the social sphere and their individual characteristics. Such a development of the image of an educator in a modern intensive society assumes a detailed study of the mechanisms and features of the activities of a modern educator
trainer, social type, master, teacher, analyst, entrepreneur, security guard, entrepreneurial, humanist
POSSIBILITIES OF USING CARTOONS IN THE FORMATION OF MORAL VALUES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
In the article, various factors play an important role in the socialization and formation of preschool children as individuals in the modern information space. In particular, cartoons are considered not only as a means of entertainment for children, but also as a psychological and pedagogical resource influencing the formation of their moral imagination, social behavior, and a system of values. Studies have shown that at this age, the child perceives the surrounding reality more through images, characters, and emotional experiences. For this reason, it is highlighted that the plots and characters of cartoons can be an effective means of developing the moral qualities of children, such as empathy, compassion, and helpfulness
preschool children, cartoons, plots, characters, empathy, moral norms, negative behavioral stereotypes, science fiction, satire, adventure, fairy tale, teaching or development, animated products
FORMATION OF 4K SKILLS IN STUDENTS THROUGH TEACHING ARTISTIC TEXTS IN READING LITERACY TEXTBOOKS
This article investigates the scientific and pedagogical foundations of forming 21st-century 4K skills (Critical Thinking, Communication, Collaboration, and Creativity) in students by improving reading literacy. It analyzes the pedagogical potential of teaching literary texts, highlighting their role in understanding complex ideas, character psychology, and cultural contexts. The article proposes specific strategies and practical recommendations for developing 4K skills through literary texts, discussing methods such as text analysis, debate, project-based learning, and creative assignments. Furthermore, criteria for assessing 4K skills and recommendations for their integration into the educational process are provided. The study emphasizes the profound significance of reading literacy in modern education and the crucial role of literary texts in the holistic development of students.
Reading literacy, 4K skills, critical thinking, communication, collaboration, creativity, literary texts, 21st-century skills.
SUFI-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IDEAS OF TOLERANCE IN MAHDUMI AZAM’S TREATISE SHARHI YAK GHAZALI UBAYDULLOHON
This article examines the Sufi-philosophical foundations of tolerance in the teachings of Mahdumi Azam Kosani, a prominent representative of the Central Asian Sufi school. In particular, concepts expressed in Risolai Sharhi Yak Ghazali Ubaydullohon, such as the sovereignty of love, annihilation of the ego, divine existence, gratitude, and the notion of the perfect human, are analyzed in close relation to the phenomenon of tolerance. The study demonstrates that tolerance is not merely a social or ethical principle but a spiritual state emerging from qualitative transformation of the human being.
Mahdumi Azam Kosani, tolerance, Sufism, love, annihilation of the ego, divine existence, human studies, Ubaydullohon
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ENSURING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: ON THE EXAMPLE OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND FUTURE PROFESSIONS
This article studies the impact and effectiveness of the vocational education system on youth employment in the conditions of digital transformation. International experiences, statistical trends and future prospects for increasing youth employment and forming professions in high demand in the economy through modernization of the education system in accordance with the requirements of the digital economy are analyzed. At the same time, directions are identified and practical recommendations are developed based on professions, digital competencies and the “Atlas of Professions” that will be in high demand in the future
digital economy, youth employment, vocational education, labor market, digital competencies, integration of education and employment, atlas of professions, professions of the future, human capital, reskilling and upskilling, digital transformation, workforce quality, technological progress
THE MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR IN THE FERGANA VALLEY DURING THE STAGES OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD
This article provides a scientific discussion of the material and technical condition of the healthcare sector in the Fergana Valley during the stages of the transition period. In particular, it analyzes on a scientific basis the state of public health protection during the years of Soviet rule, the problems and shortcomings of the material and technical base of the healthcare system, as well as issues related to the professional qualifications of physicians working in this field.
health, medical services, presidential decrees, law, regulatory documents, lifestyle, sanitary control, medical institution, medical services, practicing physician.
ANALYSIS OF WRITTEN SOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF THE GRECO-BACTRIAN KINGDOM
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the written sources illuminating the history of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, one of the major Hellenistic states of the ancient period. The study examines scholarly information on Greco-Bactria found in the works of Greek and Roman historians, including Strabo, Arrian, Polybius, Pompeius Trogus, Justin, Diodorus, Pliny the Elder, and Plutarch. In addition, the regional and international relations of the kingdom are explored through Indian and Chinese written sources, such as the Yuga Purana, Milinda-panha, Hanshu, Sima Qian, and Zhang Xuan. It is established that the Greco-Bactrian state, as an independent and powerful Hellenistic kingdom, functioned as an important political and cultural center connecting East and West.
Hellenism, Strabo, Polybius, Pompeius Trogus, Justin, antiquity, archaeological sources, numismatics, epigraphy, Menander, Diodotus I
Copyright (c) 2026 Maxmud Suyarov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ECONOMIC FEATURES OF CATTLE HERDS OF THE SURKHAN-SHERABAD OASIS BY ETHNO-TERRITORIAL LOCATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY
This article provides information on the role and significance of animal husbandry, one of the traditional types of farming widespread in the Surkhan-Sherobod oasis, in the socio-economic life of the population of the oasis at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as on the peculiarities of the livestock farming of the inhabitants of the oasis in accordance with their ethno-territorial distribution. The main differences in the composition and maintenance of livestock among livestock breeders of the oasis were analyzed. Materials on ethnocultural processes that occurred as a result of the economic exchange associated with the mixed residence of pastoralists with the settled agricultural population are also presented
traditional economy, animal husbandry, ethno-economics, livestock breeders, types of animal husbandry, types of animal husbandry, semi-sedentary, sedentary, mixed economy, economic exchange, ethnocultural processes
Copyright (c) 2026 Yangiboy Turdimuratov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPROVEMENT OF THE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS.
This article examines the role and importance of the human resource management system in enhancing the competitiveness of higher education institutions. The study analyzes the impact of modern human resource management approaches, the development of employees’ professional potential, motivation, and performance evaluation mechanisms on the quality of higher education and the institution’s competitive advantages in market conditions.
higher education institution, competitiveness, human resources, human resource management, human capital
Copyright (c) 2026 Laylo Abdurakhmanova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
This article analyzes the impact of digital transformation on human resource management. Based on scientific sources, the role of digital technologies in HR processes, their impact on efficiency, and the main challenges associated with their implementation are examined.
digital transformation, HRM, artificial intelligence, digital HR, automation
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulkhofiz Khamraev (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0